CRAC Bilingual Manual › Part: General Operating Rules and Practices
CRAC Bilingual Exam Manual (Class A / B / C) | 中国业余无线电台操作技术能力验证英中对照手册
This section covers DX and Contest Operating with 42 bilingual questions from the CRAC 2025 question bank. Each question shows the original Chinese (left) and the English translation (right). The correct answer is highlighted in green, followed by a Knowledge Point Analysis and Candidate Tips covering US–China differences, common pitfalls, and real on-air practice.
Class badges ABC indicate which license-class syllabus includes each question. Class A is the entry level, Class B adds HF privileges, and Class C is the advanced level.
如何呼叫所有DX电台？
- A呼叫“CQ DX”并报出你的呼号
- B呼叫“CQ AF”并报出你的呼号
- C呼叫“CQ SA”并报出你的呼号
- D呼叫“CQ OC”并报出你的呼号
How do you call all DX stations?
- Acall “CQ DX” and give your call sign
- Bcall “CQ AF” and give your call sign
- Ccall “CQ SA” and give your call sign
- Dcall “CQ OC” and give your call sign
“CQ DX” is the standard general call specifically inviting any distant (DX) station to answer. “CQ AF/SA/OC” would restrict the call to a continent (Africa/South America/Oceania), not “all DX”.
US–China difference: “CQ DX” means the same thing to US hams.
Common pitfall: Picking a continent-specific CQ when the question says “all DX”.
Real on-air practice: You send “CQ DX CQ DX DE BG1XYZ” to attract far-away stations.
以下哪项描述了参加DX联络以及业余无线电竞赛的良好习惯？
- A尽可能不发送呼号与必要交换信息之外的任何消息
- B与对方多次联络，确保自己出现在了对方的日志中
- C如果频率上出现了堆叠，就只报自己呼号的后两位
- D如果己方环境噪声突然升高，就相应增加发射功率
Which of the following describes good habits for participating in DX contacts and amateur radio contests?
- Asend as little as possible beyond your call sign and the necessary exchange information
- Bcontact the other station multiple times to ensure you appear in its log
- Cif a pile-up forms on the frequency, report only the last two characters of your call sign
- Dif your local noise suddenly rises, increase transmit power accordingly
Good DX/contest practice is to be brief — only your call sign and the required exchange — to keep the frequency efficient. Repeated contacts (B) are redundant, partial call signs in a pile-up (C) cause confusion, and raising power against noise (D) does not help reception and causes interference.
US–China difference: US contesting etiquette is equally “send only what is needed”.
Common pitfall: Thinking more power fixes a noisy receive environment.
Real on-air practice: In a contest you send “59 023 BG1XYZ” and stop — no chit-chat.
参加DX网络通信有助于与一些稀有电台建立通信。正确做法是：
- A事前了解网络规则，未经主控台允许不能随意发起呼叫，根据主控台要求进行登录，然后需随时注意主控台的安排，在主控台安排DX电台呼叫自己时及时回答联络
- B听到DX网络通信后，应抓住机会立即对听到的电台发起呼叫
- C当两个电台在网络主控台安排下互联联络时，自己可以呼叫“Breaker”以插入通信
- DDX网络时间内肯定有很多DX电台在守听，利用该频点呼叫CQ定有收获
Participating in DX net communication helps establish contacts with some rare stations. The correct practice is:
- Alearn the net rules in advance, do not call arbitrarily without the net control station’s permission, check in as required, then watch the net control’s instructions and answer promptly when the net control arranges for the DX station to call you
- Bupon hearing a DX net, seize the chance and immediately call the station you hear
- Cwhen two stations are in contact arranged by the net control, you may call “Breaker” to break in
- Dduring the DX net there must be many DX stations monitoring, so calling CQ on that frequency will surely pay off
A DX net is run by a Net Control Station (主控台) that schedules who works the rare station; you must follow the net’s procedure and only answer when invited. Calling on your own (B), breaking in (C), or simply CQing (D) disrupts the net and is improper.
US–China difference: US DX nets (e.g., 20 m DX Net) follow the same Net Control discipline.
Common pitfall: Treating a DX net like an open frequency and calling the DX directly.
Real on-air practice: You “check in” and wait for “BG1XYZ, the DX will call you now.”
如果短波业余电台附近环境有不可避免的强烈噪声源影响接收微弱信号，合理的做法是：
- A尽量只呼叫和回答能听到的电台，必须发起CQ呼叫时应降低功率
- B发起CQ呼叫时应增大功率，以便压倒环境噪声
- C发起正常满功率CQ呼叫，并应尽量调小接收机射频增益
- D发起正常满功率CQ呼叫，并设置好接收机的NB、AGC等功能
If there is an unavoidable strong noise source near a short-wave amateur station that affects reception of weak signals, the reasonable approach is:
- Atry to call and answer only stations you can hear, and if you must send a CQ, reduce your power
- Bwhen sending a CQ you should increase power to overpower the environmental noise
- Csend a normal full-power CQ and turn down the receiver RF gain as much as possible
- Dsend a normal full-power CQ and set up the receiver’s NB, AGC, and other functions
When local noise blocks your receiver, transmitting louder (B/D) does not help you hear others and only creates interference; the sensible approach is to restrict yourself to stations you can copy and, if calling, use lower power to minimize nuisance. Turning down RF gain (C) would only worsen weak-signal copy.
US–China difference: US guidance is the same: you can’t fix a receive problem by transmitting harder.
Common pitfall: Believing “more power” overcomes local noise.
Real on-air practice: In a noisy city location you work only strong stations and keep power modest.
BD0ZZ听到某业余电台的CW呼叫并希望与之联络。但是，他只听清对方呼号的分区号和后缀为2MAX。此时的正确回叫应当是：
- A?2MAX DE BD0ZZ K
- BQRZ？DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX KN
- CR 2MAX DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX K
- D2MAX DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX AND MY QSL IS OK SO PSE K
BD0ZZ hears a CW call from an amateur station and wishes to contact it. However, he only caught the district number and the suffix 2MAX of the other station’s call sign. The correct reply at this moment should be:
- A?2MAX DE BD0ZZ K
- BQRZ? DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX KN
- CR 2MAX DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX K
- D2MAX DE BD0ZZ PSE UR PREFIX AND MY QSL IS OK SO PSE K
In CW, when you only partially copy a call you send “?” before the part you heard (?2MAX), your own call (DE BD0ZZ), and K to invite a reply — the standard way to ask the other station to repeat its full call. The other options add unnecessary or incorrect text.
US–China difference: US CW operators use the identical “? partial DE mycall K” form.
Common pitfall: Using “QRZ?” which means “who is calling me?” — not a request to repeat a call.
Real on-air practice: You send “? BD0ZZ DE W1ABC K” when you missed the prefix.
BD0ZZ听到某业余电台的SSB呼叫并希望与之联络。但是，他只听清对方呼号的分区号和后缀为2MAX。此时的正确回叫应当是：
- A2MAX, this is BD0ZZ. Your prefix, please
- BQRZed？This is BD0ZZ, standing by
- CRoger. 2MAX, this is BD0ZZ. Please tell me your prefix over and over
- DHey, 2MAX, this is BD0ZZ calling CQ. Please give me your prefix. You know I need it
BD0ZZ hears an SSB call from an amateur station and wishes to contact it. However, he only caught the district number and the suffix 2MAX of the other station’s call sign. The correct reply at this moment should be:
- A2MAX, this is BD0ZZ. Your prefix, please
- BQRZed? This is BD0ZZ, standing by
- CRoger. 2MAX, this is BD0ZZ. Please tell me your prefix over and over
- DHey, 2MAX, this is BD0ZZ calling CQ. Please give me your prefix. You know I need it
The correct SSB reply states the partial call you heard, your own call, and politely asks for the missing prefix — concise and clear. “QRZed?” (B) means “who is calling me?”, and the verbose options (C/D) are poor operating practice.
US–China difference: US phone operators phrase it the same way: “2MAX, this is BD0ZZ, your prefix please.”
Common pitfall: Using “QRZ?” on phone to mean “please repeat your call” — it actually means “who is calling me?”
Real on-air practice: You say “2MAX, this is BD0ZZ, your prefix?” and the DX station fills in the rest.
DX Summit消息“PY2SS 28005.3 KH6/N6GQ simplex, fading signal in SA 2040 15 Feb 2012”的意思是：
- A巴西电台收听夏威夷电台效果不好
- B巴西电台收听关岛电台效果很好
- C巴西电台收听夏威夷电台效果很好
- D巴西电台收听关岛电台效果不好
The meaning of the DX Summit message “PY2SS 28005.3 KH6/N6GQ simplex, fading signal in SA 2040 15 Feb 2012” is:
- Aa Brazilian station heard a Hawaiian station poorly
- Ba Brazilian station heard a Guantanamo (Guam) station very well
- Ca Brazilian station heard a Hawaiian station very well
- Da Brazilian station heard a Guantanamo (Guam) station poorly
PY2SS is a Brazilian (PY) station; KH6 is Hawaii; “fading signal in SA” (South America) means the Brazilian reporter heard the Hawaiian station with a weak, fading signal — i.e., poorly. Guam would be KH2/KH0, not KH6.
US–China difference: US hams read DX Summit spots the same way.
Common pitfall: Misreading KH6 as Guam; KH6 = Hawaii, KH2 = Guam.
Real on-air practice: You check DX Summit to see who is hearing the rare station and how well.
DX Summit消息“JA2WS 14009.6 E51WWA Calling CQ, no takers, Cook Is 0052 14 Feb 2018”的意思是：
- AE51WWA在库克岛呼叫CQ，没人应答
- BE51WWA在库克岛呼叫JA2WS，没有应答
- CJA2WS在库克岛呼叫CQ，没人应答
- DJA2WS在库克岛呼叫E51WWA，没有应答
The meaning of the DX Summit message “JA2WS 14009.6 E51WWA Calling CQ, no takers, Cook Is 0052 14 Feb 2018” is:
- AE51WWA is calling CQ from the Cook Islands and no one answered
- BE51WWA is calling JA2WS from the Cook Islands with no answer
- CJA2WS is calling CQ from the Cook Islands and no one answered
- DJA2WS is calling E51WWA from the Cook Islands with no answer
The spot format is: reporter (JA2WS) heard station (E51WWA) doing something. “E51WWA Calling CQ, no takers, Cook Is” means the Cook Islands station E51WWA was calling CQ with no replies. JA2WS is the reporter, not the caller.
US–China difference: US spotters post the same reporter-heard-station structure.
Common pitfall: Confusing the reporter (first call) with the station being spotted.
Real on-air practice: You see “E51WWA Calling CQ” and rush to 14.009.6 MHz to answer.
20米波段的SSTV联络最常见于：
- A14.230MHz
- B14.260MHz
- C14.040MHz
- D14.030MHz
SSTV contacts on the 20 m band are most commonly found at:
- A14.230 MHz
- B14.260 MHz
- C14.040 MHz
- D14.030 MHz
On 20 m, SSTV activity is conventionally centered around 14.230 MHz (USB). 14.260 is the IOTA/SSB area, 14.040/14.030 are CW segments, so those are not the SSTV spot.
US–China difference: US 20 m SSTV also clusters near 14.230 MHz USB.
Common pitfall: Mixing up the SSTV frequency with the IOTA or CW frequencies.
Real on-air practice: You tune 14.230 USB and decode a Robot 36 picture.
20米波段的IOTA活动最常见于：
- ASSB：14.260 MHz；CW：14.040 MHz
- BSSB：14.190 MHz；CW：14.040 MHz
- CSSB：14.190 MHz；CW：14.060 MHz
- DSSB：14.260 MHz；CW：14.060 MHz
IOTA activity on the 20 m band is most commonly found at:
- ASSB: 14.260 MHz; CW: 14.040 MHz
- BSSB: 14.190 MHz; CW: 14.040 MHz
- CSSB: 14.190 MHz; CW: 14.060 MHz
- DSSB: 14.260 MHz; CW: 14.060 MHz
IOTA (Islands On The Air) hunters conventionally gather at 14.260 MHz for SSB and 14.040 MHz for CW on 20 m. The other SSB/CW pairings are not the standard IOTA centers.
US–China difference: US IOTA chasers use the same 20 m center frequencies.
Common pitfall: Swapping the CW frequency (14.060 is a different portion).
Real on-air practice: During an IOTA weekend you park on 14.260 USB hunting island prefixes.
按照竞赛惯例，通常不用于IOTA竞赛的频率有：
- A3560 – 3600kHz
- B7040 – 7060kHz
- C14060 – 14125kHz
- D14300 – 14350kHz
According to contest convention, the frequencies generally NOT used for the IOTA contest are:
- A3560 – 3600 kHz
- B7040 – 7060 kHz
- C14060 – 14125 kHz
- D14300 – 14350 kHz
IOTA contest band plans avoid the top of the 80 m CW segment 3560–3600 kHz (it is reserved/avoided by convention), while the other ranges listed are within normal IOTA operating segments. Per the question’s key, 3560–3600 kHz is the non-IOTA frequency block.
US–China difference: IOTA contest band plans are set internationally, so they match US practice.
Common pitfall: Assuming the whole 80 m CW band is fair game in IOTA.
Real on-air practice: You keep IOTA 80 m CW operation below 3560 kHz to respect the plan.
通常来说，10米波段DX通信的最佳时段是：
- A白天
- B夜间
- C当有日冕物质抛射时
- D在太阳通量很低的时候
Generally speaking, the best time period for 10 m band DX communication is:
- Adaytime
- Bnighttime
- Cwhen there is a coronal mass ejection
- Dwhen the solar flux is very low
The 10 m band (28 MHz) is primarily supported by daytime F2-layer propagation, so daytime is its best DX window. At night (B) and during very low solar flux (D) 10 m goes quiet; CME events (C) are sporadic and not the “usual” best time.
US–China difference: US 10 m DX is likewise a daytime band, peaking near solar maximum.
Common pitfall: Expecting 10 m to open at night like 40/80 m.
Real on-air practice: You work transcontinental 10 m SSB contacts in the afternoon sun.
申请WAS奖状时，不能用以下哪个呼号的卡片作为通联证明：
- AVA3EJ
- BAC6HY
- CN8DX
- DKC1XX
When applying for the WAS (Worked All States) award, which of the following call-sign cards cannot be used as proof of contact:
- AVA3EJ
- BAC6HY
- CN8DX
- DKC1XX
WAS requires contacts with the 50 US states. VA3EJ is a Canadian (VE3 area) call, not a US state, so it cannot count. AC6HY (California), N8DX (Ohio), and KC1XX (Maine) are all US calls.
US–China difference: In the US, WAS is the classic ARRL award for all 50 states; Canadian (VE) calls do not qualify.
Common pitfall: Forgetting that “VA” prefixes are Canadian, not a US state.
Real on-air practice: You collect a QSL from each state; a VE contact helps for other awards, not WAS.
申请五波段WAZ奖状（5BWAZ），至少要提交多少个分区的卡片：
- A198
- B199
- C200
- D40
To apply for the 5-band WAZ award (5BWAZ), at least how many zone cards must be submitted:
- A198
- B199
- C200
- D40
The 5BWAZ award requires confirmed contacts with all CQ zones across five bands; per the official question key the minimum number of zone cards to submit is 198. Note: candidates should follow the published CQ WAZ rule for the exact threshold; the source answer key here specifies 198.
US–China difference: WAZ is a US-based CQ magazine award; the zone count is the same worldwide.
Common pitfall: Answering 40 (the number of CQ zones) or 200; the keyed answer is 198.
Real on-air practice: You chase all 40 zones on 5 bands to build a 5BWAZ application.
对于我国爱好者来说，以下电台中最稀有，最不易通联的是：
- AKP5A
- BVK0HR
- CAH0K
- DZS1EZ
For amateur radio operators in our country, which of the following stations is the rarest and most difficult to contact:
- AKP5A
- BVK0HR
- CAH0K
- DZS1EZ
KP5 is the Desecheo Island prefix — one of the most wanted and rarely activated DXCC entities, hence the hardest to work. VK0HR (Heard Island), AH0K (Northern Mariana), and ZS1EZ (South Africa) are rarer-than-average but far more frequently on the air than KP5.
US–China difference: KP5/Desecheo is equally a top “most wanted” DXCC entity for US hams.
Common pitfall: Picking a polar or remote entity that is actually activated more often than Desecheo.
Real on-air practice: A KP5 activation triggers a massive worldwide pile-up.
申请卫星和6米WAZ奖状需要至少提交多少个区的QSL卡片？
- A25
- B30
- C35
- D40
To apply for the satellite and 6 m WAZ awards, at least how many zone QSL cards must be submitted?
- A25
- B30
- C35
- D40
The satellite WAZ and 6 m WAZ awards each require confirmation of 25 CQ zones (a reduced threshold compared with the standard 40-zone WAZ, because these modes/\(bands cover fewer zones). The keyed answer is 25.
US–China difference: CQ’s satellite/6 m WAZ both use the 25-zone rule internationally.
Common pitfall: Assuming the full 40 zones are required for these specialized WAZ awards.
Real on-air practice: Working 25 zones via FO-29 or on 50 MHz earns the 6 m / satellite WAZ.
申请160米WAZ奖状需要至少提交多少个区的QSL卡片？
- A25
- B30
- C35
- D40
To apply for the 160 m WAZ award, at least how many zone QSL cards must be submitted?
- A25
- B30
- C35
- D40
Like the 6 m and satellite WAZ awards, the 160 m WAZ uses the reduced 25-zone requirement because Top Band propagation reaches fewer CQ zones. The keyed answer is 25.
US–China difference: The 160 m WAZ 25-zone rule is the same for US applicants.
Common pitfall: Answering 40, the standard WAZ number, for this specialty award.
Real on-air practice: 160 m DX is tough, so the bar is set at 25 zones.
在14022kHz有很多电台争相报出自己的呼号。他们是在呼叫发射频率为14020kHz的一个稀有台。如果你要联络该台，你可以：
- A守听14020kHz。在稀有台结束与他台的联络或完成CQ或QRZ呼叫时，在14022kHz快速准确地发送自己的呼号
- B守听14020KHz。在稀有台结束与他台的联络或完成CQ或QRZ呼叫时，在14020KHz快速准确地发送对方的呼号加自己的呼号
- C在14022kHz用较慢的速率或用手键不断发送自己的呼号
- D在14020KHz用较慢的速率或用手键不断发送稀有台的呼号加自己的呼号
On 14022 kHz many stations are eagerly sending their call signs. They are calling a rare station whose transmit frequency is 14020 kHz. If you want to work that station, you may:
- Amonitor 14020 kHz; when the rare station finishes its contact with another station or completes its CQ or QRZ call, quickly and accurately send your own call sign on 14022 kHz
- Bmonitor 14020 kHz; when the rare station finishes its contact or CQ/QRZ call, quickly and accurately send the other station’s call sign plus your own on 14020 kHz
- Con 14022 kHz, continuously send your own call sign at a slow speed or with a hand key
- Don 14020 kHz, continuously send the rare station’s call sign plus your own at a slow speed or with a hand key
In a “split” DX pile-up, the DX station transmits on 14020 kHz and receives (listens) on 14022 kHz. You monitor its transmit frequency to know when it is ready, then answer on its listening frequency (14022 kHz) with only your own call. Sending on its transmit frequency (B/D) or hammering away (C) would collide with the DX.
US–China difference: Split-frequency DX operating etiquette is identical in the US.
Common pitfall: Calling on the DX station’s transmit frequency instead of its listening frequency.
Real on-air practice: You set VFO B to 14022 and tap your call only when the DX says “QRZ?”.
以北京为中心，则与DXCC实体3X、HZ、G、OE的大圆距离由远及近可排列为：
- A3X、G、OE、HZ
- B3X、HZ、OE、G
- CG、OE、3X、HZ
- DHZ、OE、3X、G
Taking Beijing as the center, the great-circle distances to the DXCC entities 3X, HZ, G, and OE, arranged from farthest to nearest, can be ordered as:
- A3X, G, OE, HZ
- B3X, HZ, OE, G
- CG, OE, 3X, HZ
- DHZ, OE, 3X, G
From Beijing: 3X (Guinea, West Africa) is farthest, then G (United Kingdom), then OE (Austria), then HZ (Saudi Arabia) which is nearest. So the farthest-to-nearest order is 3X, G, OE, HZ.
US–China difference: Great-circle geography is the same; US hams learn entity prefixes too.
Common pitfall: Misplacing Saudi Arabia (HZ) as far when it is relatively close to China.
Real on-air practice: You know a 3X (Guinea) contact is a long-path achievement from Beijing.
我们使用定向天线联络欧洲的业余电台时常将天线指向大约300度（十点钟）的方向。相应地，如果某个欧洲电台要联络我们，其天线应大体指向：
- A60度（两点钟）
- B120度（四点钟）
- C240度（八点钟）
- D300度（十点钟）
When we use a directional antenna to contact amateur stations in Europe, we often point the antenna toward roughly 300° (ten o’clock). Correspondingly, if a European station wants to contact us, its antenna should roughly point toward:
- A60° (two o’clock)
- B120° (four o’clock)
- C240° (eight o’clock)
- D300° (ten o’clock)
Propagation is reciprocal: a beam pointed from Beijing toward Europe at ~300° must be met by a European beam pointed back toward Beijing. Per the official key, the European station’s antenna points toward ~60° (two o’clock) — the reciprocal great-circle bearing from Europe back to Beijing.
US–China difference: US hams apply the same reciprocity when aiming beams for DX.
Common pitfall: Pointing both stations the “same” compass direction instead of the reciprocal bearing.
Real on-air practice: A European station works China by aiming its yagi ENE (~60°) — toward Beijing.
在北京架设一副水平极化的半波长偶极天线以尝试联络纽约的业余电台，若按最短的传播路径考虑，天线的走向应大致为：
- A东西走向
- B南北走向
- C东偏南30度-西偏北30度
- D西偏南30度-东偏北30度
To erect a horizontally polarized half-wave dipole in Beijing in an attempt to contact amateur stations in New York, considering the shortest propagation path, the antenna’s orientation should roughly be:
- Aeast–west orientation
- Bnorth–south orientation
- C30° south of east to 30° north of west
- D30° south of west to 30° north of east
A horizontal half-wave dipole radiates broadside (perpendicular to the wire). The shortest Beijing–New York path (over the North Pole region) runs roughly north–south, so the dipole should be oriented east–west so its broadside points north–south toward New York.
US–China difference: A US East-Coast station would likewise use an E–W dipole to beam at Asia.
Common pitfall: Orienting the wire along the desired direction; a dipole radiates perpendicular to its length.
Real on-air practice: Your E–W dipole has a strong north (and south) lobe — ideal for polar-path DX.
某业余电台CW信号的片段为“B1CRA TEST UP 5”，意思是：
- A该台的呼号为B1CRA，正在参加比赛，接收频率从发射频率向上偏移5kHz
- B该台的呼号为B1CRA，正在试验型号为UP5的发射设备
- C该台正在试验设备并且呼叫B1CRA，请对方在高5kHz的频率回答
- D该台的呼号为B1CRA，正在试验信号，并希望呼号前缀为UP5的业余电台回答
A fragment of a certain amateur station’s CW signal is “B1CRA TEST UP 5”, meaning:
- Athe station’s call sign is B1CRA, it is participating in a contest, and its receive frequency is offset 5 kHz above its transmit frequency
- Bthe station’s call sign is B1CRA and it is testing a transmitter model “UP5”
- Cthe station is testing equipment and calling B1CRA, asking the other party to answer 5 kHz higher
- Dthe station’s call sign is B1CRA, it is testing signals, and hopes an amateur station with the prefix UP5 will answer
In contest CW, “TEST” identifies contest operation and “UP 5” means the station is listening 5 kHz above its transmit (send) frequency (a split). B/C/D misread “UP 5” as a model number or a prefix.
US–China difference: US contesters use the identical “UP n” split notation.
Common pitfall: Reading “UP 5” as equipment or a call-sign element.
Real on-air practice: You hear “UP 5” and move your VFO 5 kHz up to call him.
在HF比赛时，回答参赛电台的CQ是一项基本操作。我们可以先听他一会儿以了解该台正在守听什么频率，然后在其询问“QRZ？”或结束CQ呼叫时完成如下操作：
- A在其守听频率上发送本台的完整呼号
- B在其守听频率上发送对方的完整呼号和本台的完整呼号
- C在其呼叫频率上发送对方的完整呼号和本台的完整呼号
- D在其呼叫频率上发送本台的完整呼号
During an HF contest, answering a contest station’s CQ is a basic operation. We can first listen to it for a while to learn which frequency it is monitoring, and then, when it asks “QRZ?” or finishes its CQ call, perform the following operation:
- Asend your own station’s full call sign on its monitoring frequency
- Bsend the other station’s full call sign and your own full call sign on its monitoring frequency
- Csend the other station’s full call sign and your own full call sign on its calling frequency
- Dsend your own full call sign on its calling frequency
When answering a CQ you transmit on the station’s listening (receive) frequency, sending only your own full call so it can copy you; the running station already knows its own call, so repeating it (B/C) is unnecessary, and sending on its transmit frequency (D) collides with it.
US–China difference: US contest procedure is the same — answer on the runner’s rx frequency with your call only.
Common pitfall: Calling on the frequency where the runner is transmitting.
Real on-air practice: You hear “QRZ?”, pause, then send “BG1XYZ” once, clearly, on his listen frequency.
在CQWW比赛中，以下哪个组别不能使用CW Skimmer来辅助发现QSO机会？
- ASOAB
- BSOAB-A
- CSOSB-20
- DMS
In the CQ WW contest, which of the following categories is NOT allowed to use CW Skimmer to assist in finding QSO opportunities?
- ASOAB
- BSOAB-A
- CSOSB-20
- DMS
In CQ WW, the single-operator unassisted category (SOAB — single operator, all band) must not use any spotting assistance such as CW Skimmer. The assisted category (SOAB-A) explicitly may; multi-single (MS) and single-band (SOSB-20) have their own allowances. Per the key, SOAB is the prohibited one.
US–China difference: CQ WW categories and the no-spot rule for “unassisted” are defined the same for US and Chinese entrants.
Common pitfall: Thinking all single-op entries may use Skimmer; only “-A” (assisted) may.
Real on-air practice: An unassisted SOAB op tunes manually; an SOAB-A op can watch a Skimmer feed.
若在IARU短波世界锦标赛期间听到某台发送“5NNJARL”，该台呼号极可能是：
- A8N1HQ
- BJA1HQ
- CS99JARL
- DW1AW
If during the IARU HF World Championship you hear a station sending “5NNJARL”, its call sign is most likely:
- A8N1HQ
- BJA1HQ
- CS99JARL
- DW1AW
In the IARU HF Championship, HQ (Headquarters) stations send an RSQ-style report ending in a society code; “JARL” identifies the Japan Amateur Radio League. The Japanese HQ station uses the special call 8N1HQ (the “8N1” series denotes Japanese special-event/HQ stations). The keyed answer is 8N1HQ.
US–China difference: US HQ stations in IARU use similar “W1HQ / K1HQ” style calls; the principle is the same.
Common pitfall: Reading “JA” and guessing a normal Japanese call (JA1HQ) instead of the HQ special call.
Real on-air practice: You log 8N1HQ as a bonus HQ station during the IARU contest.
北京某20岁女大学生参加IARU短波世界锦标赛SSB单人组比赛。她发给别人的信号报告可以是：
- A5944
- B5900
- C5924
- D5920
A 20-year-old female university student from Beijing participates in the IARU HF World Championship SSB single-operator category. A signal report she could send to others is:
- A5944
- B5900
- C5924
- D5920
In the IARU HF Championship the exchange is an RSQ-style report: the first two digits are the RS report (readability 5, strength 9) and the last two form the serial number of the contact sent. A valid report such as 5944 (59 + serial 44) is acceptable. Per the official key, 5944 is the correct choice.
US–China difference: US participants in IARU also send 59 + a serial in the SSB exchange.
Common pitfall: Using an RST (three-part) report as in CQ WW; IARU SSB uses RS + serial.
Real on-air practice: You send “59 044” and log the serial you gave.
北京某20岁女大学生参加ALL ASIAN DX CONTEST SSB单人组比赛。她发给别人的信号报告可以是：
- A5900
- B5920
- C5944
- D5924
A 20-year-old female university student from Beijing participates in the ALL ASIAN DX CONTEST SSB single-operator category. Signal reports she could send to others are: (Choose all that apply.)
- A5900
- B5920
- C5944
- D5924
The ALL ASIAN DX Contest exchange is an RS report plus the operator’s age (two digits). A 20-year-old would send 59 + 20 = 5920 (B). The official key also accepts 5900 (A), where 00 is used when age is not disclosed. Options C (5944) and D (5924) encode ages 44/24 that do not match the operator, so they are not correct for her.
US–China difference: The ALL ASIAN contest (mainly Asia/Oceania) uses the same RS+age exchange; US hams entering it follow it too.
Common pitfall: Sending an age that isn’t yours; the report must reflect the actual operator’s age (or 00).
Real on-air practice: A 20-year-old sends “59 20” to each station she works.
北京某20岁女大学生参加CQ WW CW竞赛。她发给别人的信号报告可以是：
- A59924
- B59900
- C59944
- D59920
A 20-year-old female university student from Beijing participates in the CQ WW CW contest. A signal report she could send to others is:
- A59924
- B59900
- C59944
- D59920
CQ WW exchange is an RST report (599) plus the station’s CQ zone (two digits). The Beijing area is in CQ zone 24 (per the exam key), so the report is 59924 (A). Options with 00/44/20 would imply zones 00/44/20, which are not the Beijing zone.
US–China difference: CQ WW zone exchanges are global; a US station sends its own zone (e.g., 3, 4, 5).
Common pitfall: Sending the operator’s age (as in ALL ASIAN) instead of the CQ zone in CQ WW.
Real on-air practice: You send “599 024” (or “59924”) to every CQ WW contact.
若在某业余无线电比赛期间听到交换消息”599NJ”，该比赛可能是：
- AARRL 160-Meter Contest
- BCQWW
- CALL ASIAN DX CONTEST
- DCQ WPX
If during an amateur radio contest you hear the exchange message “599NJ”, the contest is likely to be:
- AARRL 160-Meter Contest
- BCQWW
- CALL ASIAN DX CONTEST
- DCQ WPX
The exchange “599NJ” is an RST report (599) plus a US state/section (NJ = New Jersey). The ARRL 160-Meter Contest uses exchanges of “RST + state/province”, so a two-letter US state abbreviation like NJ points to that contest (A). CQWW and CQ WPX use serial-number exchanges; ALL ASIAN uses “RST + age/zone” style, none of which yields a US state code.
US–China difference: US contests (ARRL, CQ) have well-defined exchange formats; Chinese contesters should learn that “599 + two-letter state” is a hallmark of the ARRL 160-Meter Contest.
Common pitfall: Assuming “599” alone identifies the contest — the suffix (NJ) is the clue, not the RST.
Real on-air practice: In the ARRL 160-Meter Contest you send “599” plus your state (e.g., “599 CA”); copying “599NJ” tells you the other station is in New Jersey.
业余无线电爱好者经常使用梅登海德网格定位系统（Maidenhead Grid Square Locator）来标示自己的电台所在地。例如，BR1KA的网格定位是OM89。这种定位系统是：
- A根据经纬度坐标对地球表面进行网格划分和命名，用以标示地理位置的一种系统
- B一种卫星定位系统
- C根据国际呼号系列对地球表面进行网格划分和命名，用以标示地理位置的一种系统
- D根据全球行政区划对地球表面进行网格划分和命名，用以标示地理位置的一种系统
Amateur radio operators often use the Maidenhead Grid Square Locator to indicate their station’s location. For example, BR1KA’s grid locator is OM89. This locating system is:
- Aa system that divides and names the Earth’s surface into grids based on latitude/longitude coordinates, for indicating geographic location
- Ba satellite positioning system
- Ca system that divides and names the Earth’s surface into grids based on international call-sign series, for indicating geographic location
- Da system that divides and names the Earth’s surface into grids based on global administrative divisions, for indicating geographic location
The Maidenhead Grid Square Locator (网格定位系统) is a geographic-reference system that divides the Earth’s surface into grid squares using longitude and latitude (A). It is not a satellite positioning system (B), nor is it keyed to call-sign series (C) or administrative divisions (D). The example OM89 is a 4-character grid derived from longitude/latitude.
US–China difference: US hams use the identical Maidenhead system (e.g., grid EN61 for Chicago); no difference in concept.
Common pitfall: Confusing the grid locator with GPS satellite positioning; the locator is a human-readable coordinate encoding, not a positioning technology.
Real on-air practice: You exchange grid squares (e.g., “OM89”) during a contest or DX contact to record each other’s location.
业余无线电通联中用到的梅登海德网格定位系统，其编码格式可以是：
- A2个字母和2位数字、2个字母和2位数字再加2个字母
- B4位数字或者6位数字
- C4个字母或者6个字母
- D呼号前缀字母加2位数字和2个字母
The Maidenhead grid locator system used in amateur radio contacts may have the encoding format:
- Atwo letters and two digits, then two letters and two digits plus two more letters
- B4 digits or 6 digits
- C4 letters or 6 letters
- Dcall-sign prefix letters plus two digits and two letters
The Maidenhead format alternates letter and digit pairs: a 4-character grid is two letters + two digits (e.g., OM89); a 6-character (subsquare) grid adds two more letters + two digits (e.g., OM89xx) (A). The other formats (pure digits, pure letters, or prefix-based) do not describe the Maidenhead scheme.
US–China difference: Same worldwide standard; US hams likewise use the AABBCC pattern.
Common pitfall: Forgetting that the pattern is letter-digit-letter-digit, not all digits or all letters.
Real on-air practice: “OM89” (4-char) vs “OM89AB” (6-char) — the latter pinpoints your location more precisely.
业余无线电爱好者使用梅登海德网格定位系统标示己方电台位置所用的编码可以具有4个或6个字符。二者的定位精度不同，区别为：
- A4字符网格为经度2度和纬度1度；6字符网格为经度5分和纬度2.5分
- B4字符网格精确到国家分区，6字符网格精确到国家的城市或县乡
- C4字符网格根据国际呼号系列区分，6字符网格在4字符基础上加以经纬度细分
- D4字符网格名称用于HF通信，6字符网格名称用于VHF/UHF通信
The encoding amateur radio operators use to mark their own station location with the Maidenhead grid locator may have 4 or 6 characters. The two differ in positioning accuracy: the difference is:
- Aa 4-character grid is 2 degrees of longitude by 1 degree of latitude; a 6-character grid is 5 minutes of longitude by 2.5 minutes of latitude
- Ba 4-character grid is precise to a national district, a 6-character grid is precise to a city or county of the country
- Ca 4-character grid is distinguished by international call-sign series, a 6-character grid adds longitude/latitude subdivision on top of the 4-character grid
- D4-character grid names are used for HF communication, 6-character grid names are used for VHF/UHF communication
A 4-character Maidenhead grid (field+square) spans 2° longitude × 1° latitude; adding the 2-letter subsquare (6 characters) narrows it to 5′ longitude × 2.5′ latitude (A). The other options mischaracterize the distinction (administrative, call-sign based, or mode-based).
US–China difference: Identical precision rules worldwide; VHF/UHF rovers often use 6-char grids, but the format is not mode-restricted.
Common pitfall: Believing 6-char grids are only for VHF — both HF and VHF operators may use them.
Real on-air practice: A VHF contest rover logs 6-char grids to prove a distinct operating location for each contact.
为了便于计算时间，将地球划分为若干个时区，各理论时区的划分方法是：
- A全球划分为24个时区，每个理论时区宽度为经度15度，本初子午线通过0区的中心
- B全球划分为12个时区，每个理论时区宽度为经度30度，本初子午线通过0区的中心
- C全球划分为24个时区，每个理论时区宽度为经度15度，其边界为东西经度为15的整倍数的子午线
- D全球划分为12个时区，每个理论时区宽度为经度30度，其边界为东西经度为30的整倍数的子午线
To facilitate time calculation, the Earth is divided into several time zones; the method of dividing each theoretical time zone is:
- Athe globe is divided into 24 time zones, each theoretical time zone is 15 degrees of longitude wide, and the prime meridian passes through the center of zone 0
- Bthe globe is divided into 12 time zones, each theoretical time zone is 30 degrees of longitude wide, and the prime meridian passes through the center of zone 0
- Cthe globe is divided into 24 time zones, each theoretical time zone is 15 degrees of longitude wide, and its boundaries are meridians at integer multiples of 15 degrees east/west longitude
- Dthe globe is divided into 12 time zones, each theoretical time zone is 30 degrees of longitude wide, and its boundaries are meridians at integer multiples of 30 degrees east/west longitude
The theoretical time-zone system divides the Earth into 24 zones of 15° longitude each (360°/24 = 15°), with the prime meridian (0° longitude) through the center of zone 0 (A). The 12-zone versions (B, D) are wrong, and C misstates the boundaries as 15° multiples rather than centered on the prime meridian.
US–China difference: The US also uses the 24-zone, 15°-per-zone model; practical US zones include half-hour offsets in some areas, but the theory is identical.
Common pitfall: Mixing up the 15° width with the boundary definition; the prime meridian is the center of zone 0, not a boundary.
Real on-air practice: Knowing zone offsets lets you convert a DX contact’s local time to UTC quickly.
为了便于计算时间，将地球划分为若干个时区，各理论时区的命名规则是：
- A本初子午线通过其中心的为0区，向东依次为东1区、东2区…东12区，向西依次为西1区、西2区…西12区
- B本初子午线通过中心的为0区，向东依次为1区、2区…24区
- C本初子午线通过中心的为0区，向西依次为1区、2区…24区
- D本初子午线通过中心的为0区，如向东数则依次称为东1区、东2区…东24区，如向西数则依次称为西1区、西2区…西24区
To facilitate time calculation, the Earth is divided into time zones; the naming rule of each theoretical time zone is:
- Athe zone through whose center the prime meridian passes is zone 0; eastward are East 1, East 2 … East 12, and westward are West 1, West 2 … West 12
- Bthe zone through whose center the prime meridian passes is zone 0; eastward are zone 1, zone 2 … zone 24
- Cthe zone through whose center the prime meridian passes is zone 0; westward are zone 1, zone 2 … zone 24
- Dthe zone through whose center the prime meridian passes is zone 0; counting eastward they are East 1 … East 24, counting westward they are West 1 … West 24
Zone 0 is centered on the prime meridian; moving east gives East 1–East 12 and moving west gives West 1–West 12 (A). There is no zone 13–24 in the standard scheme (B, C, D are wrong).
US–China difference: Same naming convention used internationally.
Common pitfall: Thinking the numbering goes to 24 in one direction rather than 12 each way.
Real on-air practice: “I’m in East 8” (Beijing) vs “you’re in West 5” (US Eastern ≈ UTC−5) instantly tells you the 13-hour offset.
为了便于计算时间，将地球划分为若干个时区，北京的情况是：
- A北京处于东8区，地方时间比0时区的时间早8小时
- B北京处于东8区，地方时间比0时区的时间晚8小时
- C北京处于西8区，地方时间比0时区的时间早8小时
- D北京处于西8区，地方时间比0时区的时间晚8小时
To facilitate time calculation, the Earth is divided into time zones; Beijing’s situation is:
- ABeijing is in East 8, and its local time is 8 hours ahead of zone 0 time
- BBeijing is in East 8, and its local time is 8 hours behind zone 0 time
- CBeijing is in West 8, and its local time is 8 hours ahead of zone 0 time
- DBeijing is in West 8, and its local time is 8 hours behind zone 0 time
Beijing is in East 8 (UTC+8), so its local time is 8 hours ahead of zone 0 (UTC/GMT) time (A). Being east of the prime meridian means earlier (ahead) local time, not later.
US–China difference: US Eastern Time is UTC−5 (West 5), the opposite direction from Beijing’s UTC+8.
Common pitfall: Reversing “ahead/behind” — east = ahead, west = behind.
Real on-air practice: When it is 00:00 UTC, it is 08:00 in Beijing and 19:00 (previous day) in US Eastern.
为了便于计算时间，将地球划分为若干个时区，其理论分区为每区宽经度15度。北京、西安和乌鲁木齐实际所属的时区应为：
- A世界上实际使用法定分区，北京、西安、乌鲁木齐都属于东8区
- B根据所在经度推算，北京、西安、乌鲁木齐分别处于东8区、东7区和东6区
- C根据所在经度推算，北京、西安、乌鲁木齐分别处于西8区、西7区和西6区
- D根据所在经度推算，北京、西安、乌鲁木齐分别处于东6区、东7区和东8区
To facilitate time calculation, the Earth is divided into time zones; the theoretical division is 15 degrees per zone. The time zones that Beijing, Xi’an and Urumqi actually belong to are:
- Ain actual use of legal divisions in the world, Beijing, Xi’an, and Urumqi all belong to East 8
- Bdeduced from their longitudes, Beijing, Xi’an, and Urumqi are respectively in East 8, East 7, and East 6
- Cdeduced from their longitudes, Beijing, Xi’an, and Urumqi are respectively in West 8, West 7, and West 6
- Ddeduced from their longitudes, Beijing, Xi’an, and Urumqi are respectively in East 6, East 7, and East 8
Although geographically Urumqi’s longitude would suggest East 6, China uses a single legal time zone (Beijing Time, UTC+8) nationwide, so Beijing, Xi’an, and Urumqi all officially belong to East 8 (A). The longitude-deduced answers (B, C, D) ignore the legal uniform time zone.
US–China difference: The US spans multiple legal time zones; China uses one national zone despite its width — a key contrast.
Common pitfall: Applying the theoretical longitude rule and assigning Urumqi to East 6, which is geographically true but legally wrong.
Real on-air practice: A Urumqi ham still logs contacts in UTC+8 (Beijing Time), even though local solar time differs greatly.
已知北京时间，相应的UTC时间应为：
- A北京时间的小时数减8，如小时数小于0，则小时数加24，日期改为前一天。
- B北京时间的小时数减8，如小时数小于0，则小时数加24，日期改为后一天。
- C北京时间的小时数加8，如小时数大于24，则小时数减24，日期改为前一天。
- D北京时间的小时数加8，如小时数大于24，则小时数减24，日期改为后一天。
Given Beijing time, the corresponding UTC time should be:
- Asubtract 8 from the hours of Beijing time; if the hours become less than 0, add 24 to the hours and change the date to the previous day.
- Bsubtract 8 from the hours of Beijing time; if the hours become less than 0, add 24 to the hours and change the date to the next day.
- Cadd 8 to the hours of Beijing time; if the hours exceed 24, subtract 24 from the hours and change the date to the previous day.
- Dadd 8 to the hours of Beijing time; if the hours exceed 24, subtract 24 from the hours and change the date to the next day.
Beijing time = UTC+8, so UTC = Beijing time − 8 hours. When that subtraction yields a negative hour, you add 24 and step back one day (A). Adding 8 (C, D) is the reverse (Beijing-from-UTC) direction and is wrong here.
US–China difference: US hams convert via UTC too; the only difference is the offset magnitude (UTC−5/−4 for US Eastern vs UTC+8 for Beijing).
Common pitfall: Adding instead of subtracting, or changing the date the wrong way when crossing midnight.
Real on-air practice: A 06:00 Beijing QSO = 22:00 UTC the previous day.
已知UTC时间，相应的北京时间应为：
- AUTC时间的小时数加8，如小时数大于24，则小时数减24，日期改为后一天。
- B北京时间的小时数减8，如小时数小于0，则小时数加24，日期改为后一天。
- C北京时间的小时数加8，如小时数大于24，则小时数减24，日期改为前一天。
- D北京时间的小时数减8，如小时数小于0，则小时数加24，日期改为前一天。
Given UTC time, the corresponding Beijing time should be:
- Aadd 8 to the hours of UTC time; if the hours exceed 24, subtract 24 from the hours and change the date to the next day.
- Bsubtract 8 from the hours of Beijing time; if the hours become less than 0, add 24 to the hours and change the date to the next day.
- Cadd 8 to the hours of Beijing time; if the hours exceed 24, subtract 24 from the hours and change the date to the previous day.
- Dsubtract 8 from the hours of Beijing time; if the hours become less than 0, add 24 to the hours and change the date to the previous day.
Beijing time = UTC + 8. So take UTC hours, add 8; if the result exceeds 24, subtract 24 and advance the date by one day (A). Options B/C/D incorrectly operate on “Beijing time” or move the date backward.
US–China difference: Same arithmetic with a different offset; US Eastern is UTC−5 (subtract 5).
Common pitfall: Mixing up this with the UTC-from-Beijing formula (which subtracts 8).
Real on-air practice: A 20:00 UTC contest start = 04:00 Beijing next day.
已知某业余电台处于西N时区（N为0-12间的整数），该台的当地时间应比北京时间：
- A晚8+N小时
- B晚8-N小时
- C早8+N小时
- D早8-N小时
Given an amateur station is in a West-N time zone (N an integer from 0 to 12), its local time should be ___ than Beijing time:
- Alater by 8+N hours
- Blater by 8−N hours
- Cearlier by 8+N hours
- Dearlier by 8−N hours
Beijing is UTC+8; a West-N zone is UTC−N. The difference (Beijing − local) = 8 − (−N) = 8+N hours, meaning the local time is behind (later, 晚) Beijing by 8+N hours (A). East is ahead, west is behind.
US–China difference: A US West-coast station (UTC−8, i.e., N=8) is 16 hours behind Beijing — a large offset worth memorizing.
Common pitfall: Flipping the sign; west zones are always behind Beijing, never ahead.
Real on-air practice: Scheduling a sked with a station in UTC−8 means a 16-hour shift from Beijing.
已知某业余电台处于东N时区（N为0-12间的整数），该台的当地时间应比北京时间：
- A晚8-N小时
- B晚8+N小时
- C早8-N小时
- D早8+N小时
Given an amateur station is in an East-N time zone (N an integer from 0 to 12), its local time should be ___ than Beijing time:
- Alater by 8−N hours
- Blater by 8+N hours
- Cearlier by 8−N hours
- Dearlier by 8+N hours
Beijing is UTC+8; an East-N zone is UTC+N. The difference is (Beijing − local) = 8 − N hours. For the typical case N<8 the local time is behind Beijing (“晚”, later) by 8−N hours, which is the form given in the official answer (A). The formula expresses the standard comparison with Beijing as reference.
US–China difference: Stations east of Beijing (e.g., Japan UTC+9, N=9) are actually ahead; this question’s phrasing treats the comparison from Beijing’s reference as 8−N.
Common pitfall: Sign confusion between east/west and ahead/behind.
Real on-air practice: A station in UTC+5 (N=5) is, per this convention, 3 hours behind Beijing.
如果在参加业余无线电CW竞赛时抄下”B4″或”WKD”则说明：
- A已经与该台联络过了。你最好检查日志，看看是否有差错
- B已经与该台联系过了。你应当再叫他一次，问问是否他记错了什么
- C这说明对方日志混乱，联络差错频出。你应将其通联记录全部删除
- D很明显，这说明以前联络过的。对方是在向老朋友打招呼
If while participating in an amateur radio CW contest you copy “B4” or “WKD”, it means:
- AYou have already contacted this station. You’d better check your log to see if there is an error.
- BYou have already contacted this station. You should call him again and ask whether he misrecorded something.
- CThis shows the other station’s log is chaotic with frequent contact errors. You should delete all its contact records.
- DObviously this means you contacted before. The other station is greeting an old friend.
In CW contesting, “B4” (before) and “WKD” (worked) are sent by a station to tell you it has already worked you — a duplicate. The correct response is to check your own log rather than re-log the contact (A). Re-calling (B), deleting records (C), or treating it as a friendly greeting (D) are wrong.
US–China difference: US contesters use the identical “B4″/”WKD” abbreviations in CW; the etiquette is the same.
Common pitfall: Logging a duplicate contact, which earns no points and can be penalized.
Real on-air practice: When you hear “B4”, you move on to the next station instead of working the duplicate.
为什么大家参加比赛都应及时提交日志？
- A竞赛主办方根据日志匹配参赛双方的通信联络，计算比赛得分
- B提交日志只是竞赛主办方的行政规定，建议执行，但是不予理会也是个好主意
- C如果对方电台通联与否已不影响自己的DX成绩，那就可以将其从日志中剔除
- DHF竞赛确实要提交日志。为此，我们可以多来VHF参赛
Why should everyone submit logs promptly when participating in contests?
- AThe contest organizer matches the communications between participating parties based on the logs to calculate contest scores.
- BSubmitting logs is merely an administrative rule of the organizer; it is advisable to comply, but ignoring it is also a good idea.
- CIf whether a certain station was contacted no longer affects your own DX score, you can remove it from the log.
- DHF contests indeed require log submission. For that reason, we can participate more in VHF contests.
Contest scoring is done by cross-checking (matching) your log against the logs of the stations you contacted — only mutually confirmed QSOs count (A). Logs are not optional (B), you must not delete valid contacts (C), and VHF is no excuse to skip logging (D).
US–China difference: ARRL, CQ, and Chinese contests all use log cross-checking (the “Cabrillo” log format is common worldwide).
Common pitfall: Thinking only one side needs to submit; both sides’ logs must corroborate the QSO.
Real on-air practice: After a contest you export your Cabrillo log and email it to the sponsor before the deadline.
💬 Have questions about this topic, or FCC / CRAC exam preparation?
对本篇内容或 FCC / CRAC 备考有疑问？
本手册仅供业余无线电爱好者学习交流，题库原题版权归 CRAC（中国无线电协会业余无线电分会）所有，英文翻译由 BG7BAG 编译，转载请注明出处。
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