CRAC Bilingual Manual › Part: Laws, Regulations and Rules
CRAC Bilingual Exam Manual (Class A / B / C) | 中国业余无线电台操作技术能力验证英中对照手册
This section covers Radio Management Laws and Regulations with 26 bilingual questions from the CRAC 2025 question bank. Each question shows the original Chinese (left) and the English translation (right). The correct answer is highlighted in green, followed by a Knowledge Point Analysis and Candidate Tips covering US–China differences, common pitfalls, and real on-air practice.
Class badges ABC indicate which license-class syllabus includes each question. Class A is the entry level, Class B adds HF privileges, and Class C is the advanced level.
我国专门针对无线电管理的行政法规及其制定机构是：
- A《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》
- B《中华人民共和国无线电管理办法》
- C国务院和中央军委
- D工业和信息化部
The administrative regulation specifically addressing radio management in our country, and its enacting authority, are:
- Athe Radio Regulations of the People’s Republic of China
- Bthe Radio Management Measures of the People’s Republic of China
- Cthe State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC)
- Dthe Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)
我国无线电管理的基本行政法规是《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》(the Radio Regulations of the PRC), enacted by 国务院 and 中央军委 (the State Council and the CMC). Option A names the correct regulation and C names its enacting authorities, so together they answer both parts of the question. Option B is a non-existent title, and D (MIIT) is the implementing ministry, not the enacting body of this regulation.
US–China difference: In the US, FCC Part 97 is the single federal rule for amateur radio; there is no separate “regulation” enacted jointly by the executive and military branches as in China’s State Council + CMC structure.
Common pitfall: Confusing MIIT (the implementing ministry) with the enacting authority — the regulation is enacted by the State Council and CMC, not by MIIT alone.
Real on-air practice: When explaining to authorities why your station is authorized, you cite the Radio Regulations of the PRC as the legal basis.
我国专门针对业余无线电台的管理文件及其制定机构分别是：
- A《业余无线电台管理办法》
- B《业余无线电台管理暂行规定》
- C工业和信息化部
- D国务院
The document specifically governing amateur radio stations in our country, and its enacting authority, are, respectively:
- Athe Measures for the Administration of Amateur Radio Stations (《业余无线电台管理办法》)
- Bthe Interim Provisions on the Administration of Amateur Radio Stations
- Cthe Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)
- Dthe State Council
我国专门规范业余无线电台的规章是《业余无线电台管理办法》(the Measures for the Administration of Amateur Radio Stations), enacted by 工业和信息化部 (MIIT). Option A gives the correct document and C gives its enacting authority. B is an obsolete/non-existent title, and D (the State Council) is wrong because this Measure is an MIIT ministry order, not a State Council regulation.
US–China difference: The US equivalent is FCC Part 97; the US has no separate “Measures” document issued by a single ministry.
Common pitfall: Picking the State Council as the enacting body — the Measures are an MIIT order, unlike the Radio Regulations which are enacted by State Council + CMC.
Real on-air practice: When applying for a license you will cite the Measures (《业余无线电台管理办法》) as the governing rule.
我国依法负责对业余无线电台实施监督管理的机构是：
- A国家无线电管理机构和省、自治区、直辖市无线电管理机构
- B在国家或地方民政部门注册的业余无线电协会
- C国家体育管理机构和地方体育管理机构
- D国家和地方公安部门
The authority legally responsible for the supervision and administration of amateur radio stations in our country is:
- Athe national radio management authority and the radio management authorities of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government
- Bamateur radio associations registered with the national or local civil affairs department
- Cthe national and local sports administration authorities
- Dthe national and local public security departments
依法负责对业余无线电台实施监督管理的机构是国家无线电管理机构以及省、自治区、直辖市无线电管理机构. This two-tier structure (national plus provincial/municipal radio management authorities) is the official supervisor. Associations, sports authorities, and police departments have no regulatory authority over amateur stations.
US–China difference: In the US the FCC alone regulates amateur radio; China splits responsibility between national and provincial radio management authorities.
Common pitfall: Assuming the amateur radio association (协会) or a sports body regulates stations — only the radio management authority does.
Real on-air practice: License applications and inspections go through the provincial radio management authority, not a club.
我国对无线电管理术语“业余业务”、“卫星业余业务”和“业余电台”做出具体定义的法规文件是：
- A《中华人民共和国无线电频率划分规定》
- B《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》
- C《中华人民共和国电信条例》
- D《无线电台执照管理规定》
The regulatory document that specifically defines the radio-management terms “amateur service”, “amateur-satellite service”, and “amateur station” in our country is:
- Athe Radio Frequency Allocation Regulations of the PRC (《中华人民共和国无线电频率划分规定》)
- Bthe Radio Regulations of the People’s Republic of China
- Cthe Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC
- Dthe Provisions on the Administration of Radio Station Licenses
The definitions of 业余业务 (amateur service), 卫星业余业务 (amateur-satellite service), and 业余电台 (amateur station) are given in 《中华人民共和国无线电频率划分规定》 (the Radio Frequency Allocation Regulations of the PRC), which contains the Table of Frequency Allocations and the service definitions. The other listed documents regulate administration, telecommunications, or licenses but do not define these terms.
US–China difference: The US defines these ITU terms in FCC Part 97 by reference to the ITU Radio Regulations; China places them in the Frequency Allocation Regulations.
Common pitfall: Picking the Radio Regulations (《无线电管理条例》), which governs administration, not the allocation/definition document.
Real on-air practice: These definitions underpin which bands you may use and how your station is classified.
最新发布的《业余无线电台管理办法》自何时开始施行：
- A自2024年3月1日起施行
- B自2024年12月1日起施行
- C自2025年3月1日起施行
- D自2025年12月1日起施行
When did the latest Measures for the Administration of Amateur Radio Stations (《业余无线电台管理办法》) come into force?
- AIt came into force on 1 March 2024
- BIt came into force on 1 December 2024
- CIt came into force on 1 March 2025
- DIt came into force on 1 December 2025
最新发布的《业余无线电台管理办法》 came into force on 1 March 2024 (自2024年3月1日起施行). This is a fixed statutory date that candidates must memorize. All other dates are distractors.
US–China difference: The US FCC Part 97 has no single “effective date” that candidates memorize the same way; rule changes are each individually dated.
Common pitfall: Confusing the 2024 effective date with the 2012 version’s promulgation (5 November 2012).
Real on-air practice: Applications submitted after 1 March 2024 follow the new Measures’ simplified procedures.
将某个特定的频段列入频率划分表，规定该频段可在指定的条件下供一种或多种地面或空间无线电通信业务或射电天文业务使用，这个过程称为：
- A划分
- B分配
- C指配
- D授权
The process of entering a specific frequency band into the Table of Frequency Allocations, stipulating that the band may be used under specified conditions by one or more terrestrial or space radiocommunication services or the radio astronomy service, is called:
- Aallocation
- Ballotment
- Cassignment
- Dauthorization
划分 (allocation) is the act of entering a band into the Table of Frequency Allocations for use by one or more services under specified conditions. 分配 (allotment) applies a band to a service in a region, and 指配 (assignment) authorizes a specific station — these are distinct ITU steps and must not be swapped.
US–China difference: The US FCC uses the same ITU three-step hierarchy (allocation → allotment → assignment) in its rule language.
Common pitfall: Mixing up 划分/分配/指配; allocation is the table-level entry, assignment is the station-level authorization.
Real on-air practice: When you are assigned a frequency by your license/band plan, that is 指配, built on top of the 划分 in the allocation table.
将无线电频率或频道规定由一个或多个部门，在指定的区域内供地面或空间无线电通信业务在指定条件下使用，这个过程称为：
- A分配
- B划分
- C指配
- D授权
The process of specifying that a radio frequency or channel is to be used, within a designated area and under specified conditions, by one or more administrations for terrestrial or space radiocommunication services, is called:
- Aallotment
- Ballocation
- Cassignment
- Dauthorization
分配 (allotment) means specifying that a frequency/channel is to be used by one or more administrations within a designated area for a given service under conditions. It sits between 划分 (allocation, table-level) and 指配 (assignment, station-level).
US–China difference: Same ITU concept; US band plans reflect allotments within ITU allocations.
Common pitfall: Swapping 分配 with 划分; allotment is area/administration-specific, allocation is the table entry.
Real on-air practice: A regional plan allocating 144–146 MHz to the amateur service is an allotment; your specific frequency use is assignment.
将无线电频率或频道批准给无线电台在规定条件下使用，这个过程称为：
- A指配
- B划分
- C分配
- D授权
The process of authorizing a radio station to use a radio frequency or channel under specified conditions is called:
- Aassignment
- Ballocation
- Callotment
- Dauthorization
指配 (assignment) is the authorization of a specific station to use a frequency under specified conditions — the final, station-level step after 划分 and 分配. The other three terms refer to broader or different processes.
US–China difference: In the US, the FCC “assigns” your station a call sign and authorizes bands; the same ITU term applies.
Common pitfall: Choosing 授权 (authorization) — a broader permission — instead of the precise station-frequency 指配.
Real on-air practice: Your license “assigns” you operating privileges on certain bands.
在频率划分表中，一个频段被标明划分给多种业务时，这些业务被分为下述类别：
- A主要业务和次要业务
- B业余业务和非业余业务
- C民用业务和军用业务
- D安全业务和一般业务
In the Table of Frequency Allocations, when a band is marked as allocated to multiple services, those services are divided into the following categories:
- Aprimary service and secondary service
- Bamateur service and non-amateur service
- Ccivil service and military service
- Dsafety service and general service
When a band in the Table of Frequency Allocations is allocated to multiple services, they are categorized as 主要业务 (primary service) and 次要业务 (secondary service). Primary services have priority; secondary services must not cause harmful interference to, and must accept interference from, primary services.
US–China difference: The US adopts the same primary/secondary framework from the ITU Table.
Common pitfall: Thinking amateur is always primary; in many bands amateur is a secondary service.
Real on-air practice: On a secondary band you must avoid interfering with primary users (e.g., radar) even if they appear weaker.
辐射（radiation）是指任何源的能量流以无线电波的形式向外发出。正确的说法是：
- A闪电产生的电磁波干扰是一种辐射
- B沿电源线窜入接收机的差模干扰是一种辐射
- C射频电路中变压器内磁芯里的磁场是一种辐射
- D射频电路中电容器内极板间的电场是一种辐射
Radiation means energy flow from any source emitted outward in the form of radio waves. Which of the following statements is correct?
- AElectromagnetic interference generated by lightning is a kind of radiation
- BDifferential-mode interference entering a receiver along the power line is a kind of radiation
- CThe magnetic field within the magnetic core of a transformer in an RF circuit is a kind of radiation
- DThe electric field between the plates of a capacitor in an RF circuit is a kind of radiation
辐射 (radiation) is energy flowing outward from any source in the form of radio waves. Lightning-generated electromagnetic interference travels through space as radio waves, so it is radiation (A). B is conducted (not radiated) interference along a wire; C and D are confined fields (inductive/capacitive) inside a component, not radiated outward waves.
US–China difference: Same physics/definition in the US; the FCC distinguishes radiated vs conducted emissions.
Common pitfall: Confusing conducted interference (power-line) or confined near fields (inside a transformer/capacitor) with radiated energy.
Real on-air practice: Lightning crashes (static crashes) are classic radiated noise you hear on HF.
发射（emission）是指：由无线电发信电台产生的辐射或辐射产物。正确的说法是：
- A业余电台向周围发送的杂散产物是一种发射
- B无线电接收机本地振荡器辐射的能量是一种发射
- C医用高频电疗机向周围发送的无线电波能量是一种发射
- D闪电产生的电磁波干扰是一种发射
Emission means: radiation or radiation products produced by a radio transmitting station. Which of the following statements is correct?
- ASpurious products transmitted by an amateur station into its surroundings are a kind of emission
- BEnergy radiated by the local oscillator of a radio receiver is a kind of emission
- CRadio-wave energy radiated into the surroundings by a medical high-frequency therapy machine is a kind of emission
- DElectromagnetic interference generated by lightning is a kind of emission
发射 (emission) is radiation or radiation products produced by a radio transmitting station. Spurious products sent by an amateur station are emissions (A). B’s receiver local-oscillator leakage is not from a “transmitting station”; C and D are non-station sources (medical/therapeutic and lightning), not emissions from a radio transmitter.
US–China difference: The US/FCC similarly defines emission as produced by a transmitting station; spurious emissions are regulated.
Common pitfall: Treating any radio wave (receiver LO, lightning) as an “emission” — only transmitting-station radiation counts.
Real on-air practice: Keeping your transmitter’s spurious emissions down avoids interfering with neighbors’ receivers.
下列关于无线电的一般术语，说法正确的是：
- A无线电测定是指利用无线电波的传播特性测定目标的位置、速度和/或其他特性，或获得与这些参数有关的信息
- B无线电导航是指用于导航（包括障碍物告警）的无线电测定
- C无线电定位是指用于除无线电导航以外的无线电测定
- D无线电测向是指利用接收无线电波来确定一个电台或目标的方向的无线电测定
Which of the following statements about general radio terminology is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- ARadiodetermination means the determination of the position, velocity, and/or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by means of the propagation characteristics of radio waves
- BRadionavigation means radiodetermination used for navigation (including obstacle warning)
- CRadiolocation means radiodetermination other than radionavigation
- DRadio direction finding means radiodetermination used to determine the direction of a station or target by receiving radio waves
These four are exact ITU definitions: 无线电测定 = radiodetermination (determining position/velocity/characteristics via radio-wave propagation); 无线电导航 = radionavigation (radiodetermination for navigation including obstacle warning); 无线电定位 = radiolocation (radiodetermination other than navigation); 无线电测向 = radio direction finding (determining direction by receiving waves). All four are correct.
US–China difference: Same ITU definitions are used in the US; RDF/ARDF is also a popular sport.
Common pitfall: Swapping 定位 and 导航, or thinking 测向 is the same as general 测定.
Real on-air practice: You use 测向 (direction finding) instinctively when aiming a beam antenna at a station.
关于业余无线电台，下列说法正确的是：
- A业余无线电台是指为开展业余业务（含卫星业余业务）使用的一个或者多个发信机、收信机，或者发信机与收信机的组合（包括附属设备）
- B一个业余无线电台只能包含一个发信机
- C一个业余无线电台只能包含一个收信机
- D一个业余无线电台只能包含一个发信机和一个收信机
Which of the following statements about an amateur radio station is correct?
- AAn amateur radio station means one or more transmitters, receivers, or a combination of a transmitter and a receiver (including accessory equipment) used to conduct the amateur service (including the amateur-satellite service)
- BAn amateur radio station may contain only one transmitter
- CAn amateur radio station may contain only one receiver
- DAn amateur radio station may contain only one transmitter and one receiver
An 业余无线电台 is defined as one or more transmitters, receivers, or a transmitter–receiver combination (with accessories) used for the amateur service — so a station may contain multiple units (A). B/C/D wrongly restrict a station to a single transmitter or receiver.
US–China difference: Same concept; a US “station” can be multiple pieces of equipment.
Common pitfall: Thinking a “station” means exactly one radio; it can be several units.
Real on-air practice: A typical HF station has a transceiver plus separate amplifiers, tuners, and receivers.
关于业余业务、卫星业余业务，下列说法正确的是：
- A业余业务是指供业余无线电爱好者进行自我训练、相互通信和技术研究的无线电通信业务
- B卫星业余业务是指利用地球卫星上的空间电台开展与业余业务相同目的的无线电通信业务
- C业余无线电爱好者可以在业余业务、卫星业余业务以及其他的无线电业务相互通信
- D业余无线电台可以在业余业务、卫星业余业务以及其他的无线电业务进行通信
Which of the following statements about the amateur service and the amateur-satellite service is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AThe amateur service is a radiocommunication service for self-training, intercommunication, and technical investigation by amateur radio operators
- BThe amateur-satellite service is a radiocommunication service using space stations on Earth satellites for the same purposes as the amateur service
- CAmateur radio operators may communicate within the amateur service, the amateur-satellite service, and other radiocommunication services
- DAmateur radio stations may communicate within the amateur service, the amateur-satellite service, and other radiocommunication services
业余业务 (amateur service) is for self-training, intercommunication, and technical study by operators; 卫星业余业务 (amateur-satellite service) uses space stations on satellites for the same purposes. A and B are correct definitions. C and D are wrong because operators/stations may communicate only within the amateur and amateur-satellite services, not other services.
US–China difference: US FCC Part 97 likewise limits communications to the amateur service (and certain related purposes).
Common pitfall: Assuming amateurs may use “other radiocommunication services” — they may not.
Real on-air practice: Talking through an amateur FM satellite (e.g., SO-50) is using the amateur-satellite service.
关于业余无线电爱好者的定义，下列说法正确的是：
- A业余无线电爱好者系指经正式批准的、对无线电技术有兴趣的人
- B其兴趣纯系个人爱好而不涉及谋取利润
- C其兴趣纯系个人爱好可涉及谋取利润
- D只有成年人能成为业余无线电爱好者
Which of the following statements about the definition of an amateur radio operator is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AAn amateur radio operator is a person who, by formal authorization, is interested in radio technique
- BHis/her interest is purely personal and does not involve the pursuit of profit
- CHis/her interest is purely personal and may involve the pursuit of profit
- DOnly adults may become amateur radio operators
An 业余无线电爱好者 (amateur radio operator) is a person formally authorized and interested in radio technique, with interest purely personal and not for profit (A, B). C (may seek profit) and D (only adults) contradict the definition; minors may be licensed.
US–China difference: The US also requires an FCC grant and prohibits paid/pecuniary interest in amateur communications.
Common pitfall: Believing only adults can be hams, or that amateur activity may be for profit.
Real on-air practice: You may not be paid to operate; contest prizes are generally permissible as non-pecuniary.
关于发射类别，下列说法正确的是：
- A是指用标准符号标示的某发射的一组特性
- B标示的特性例如主载波调制方式，调制信号，被发送信息的类型以及其他适用的信号特性
- C一个业余无线电台只能包含一个收信机
- D一个业余无线电台只能包含一个发信机和一个收信机
Which of the following statements about emission class is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AIt is a set of characteristics of an emission designated by means of standard symbols
- BThe designated characteristics include, for example, the modulation method of the main carrier, the modulating signal, the type of information to be transmitted, and other applicable signal characteristics
- CAn amateur radio station may contain only one receiver
- DAn amateur radio station may contain only one transmitter and one receiver
发射类别 (emission class) is a set of emission characteristics denoted by standard symbols, including main-carrier modulation, modulating signal, type of information sent, and other applicable signal characteristics (A, B). C and D are irrelevant statements about station composition, not emission class.
US–China difference: US hams also use emission designators (e.g., “J3E” for SSB) standardized by the ITU.
Common pitfall: Confusing emission class with station equipment count.
Real on-air practice: Your license shows emission designators like A1A (CW) or F3E (FM) you are authorized to use.
关于单边带发射，下列说法正确的是：
- A单边带发射是只传送一个边带的调幅发射
- B单边带发射是只传送一个边带的调频发射
- C单边带发射是不传送载波的调幅发射
- D单边带发射是不传送载波的调频发射
Which of the following statements about single-sideband (SSB) emission is correct?
- ASingle-sideband emission is amplitude modulation (AM) emission in which only one sideband is transmitted
- BSingle-sideband emission is frequency modulation (FM) emission in which only one sideband is transmitted
- CSingle-sideband emission is amplitude modulation (AM) emission in which the carrier is not transmitted
- DSingle-sideband emission is frequency modulation (FM) emission in which the carrier is not transmitted
单边带发射 (SSB) is amplitude modulation in which only one sideband is transmitted (A). It is AM-based, not FM (so B, D are wrong), and although the carrier is suppressed, the defining feature in the standard definition is transmission of one sideband, making A the exact definition.
US–China difference: SSB (J3E) is the standard ITU emission designation in both countries.
Common pitfall: Associating SSB with FM, or thinking “no carrier” is the defining feature rather than “one sideband.”
Real on-air practice: On 20 m you will typically use USB SSB; on 40 m LSB — both are single-sideband.
关于干扰的定义，下列说法正确的是：
- A由于一种或多种发射、辐射、感应或其组合所产生的无用能量对无线电通信系统的接收产生的影响
- B表现为性能下降、误解或信息丢失
- C若不存在这种无用能量，则此后果可以避免
- D不会对无线电通信系统的接收产生的影响
Which of the following statements about the definition of interference is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AThe effect of unwanted energy produced by one or more emissions, radiations, or inductions, or a combination thereof, on the reception of a radiocommunication system
- BIt manifests as degradation of performance, misinterpretation, or loss of information
- CSuch consequences could be avoided in the absence of this unwanted energy
- DIt has no effect on the reception of a radiocommunication system
干扰 (interference) is the effect of unwanted energy from emissions/radiation/induction on reception — showing as performance degradation, misinterpretation, or information loss, and such effects would not occur without that unwanted energy (A, B, C). D contradicts the definition.
US–China difference: The same ITU definition underlies FCC interference-complaint criteria.
Common pitfall: Picking the negated option D as if interference had no effect.
Real on-air practice: A nearby switching power supply causing buzzing in your receiver is interference as defined.
关于有害干扰的定义，下列说法正确的是：
- A危害无线电导航或其他安全业务的正常运行的干扰
- B严重地损害、阻碍、或一再阻断按规定正常开展的无线电通信业务的干扰
- C产生有害干扰不会受到处罚
- D使用业余无线电台时，只要不对其他业余无线电台产生干扰即可
Which of the following statements about the definition of harmful interference is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AInterference that endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or other safety services
- BInterference that seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunication service operating in accordance with regulations
- CProducing harmful interference will not be subject to punishment
- DWhen using an amateur radio station, it is sufficient not to cause interference to other amateur radio stations
有害干扰 (harmful interference) is interference that endangers radionavigation/safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts lawful radiocommunication (A, B). C (no penalty) and D (only avoid interfering with other hams) are false; harmful interference is penalized and protection extends beyond amateur services.
US–China difference: US FCC also prohibits harmful interference, especially to safety services.
Common pitfall: Thinking you only must avoid interfering with other amateur stations.
Real on-air practice: Causing harmful interference to an aircraft navigation receiver is a serious violation.
关于次要业务台站，下列说法正确的是：
- A不得对业经指配或将来可能指配频率的主要业务电台产生有害干扰
- B不得对来自业经指配或将来可能指配频率的主要业务电台的有害干扰提出保护要求
- C可要求保护不受来自将来可能指配频率的同一业务或其他次要业务电台的有害干扰
- D使用业余无线电台时，只要不对其他业余无线电台产生干扰即可
Which of the following statements about secondary-service stations is correct? (Choose all that apply.)
- AThey must not cause harmful interference to primary-service stations that have been assigned, or may be assigned in the future, frequencies in that band
- BThey must not claim protection from harmful interference from primary-service stations that have been assigned, or may be assigned in the future, frequencies in that band
- CThey may claim protection from harmful interference by stations of the same or other secondary services that may be assigned frequencies in the future
- DWhen using an amateur radio station, it is sufficient not to cause interference to other amateur radio stations
Secondary-service stations (次要业务台站) must not cause harmful interference to, and may not claim protection from, primary-service stations already assigned or potentially assigned frequencies (A, B). They may seek protection from future same/other secondary stations (C). D is a false generalization about amateur use.
US–China difference: US amateurs on secondary bands (e.g., some UHF) carry the same ITU obligations.
Common pitfall: Assuming a secondary-service station can demand protection from primary users.
Real on-air practice: On a secondary allocation, if a radar (primary) appears, you must move off.
协调国际无线电管理的国际组织是：
- A国际电信联盟
- B国际业余无线电联盟
- C联合国大会
- D联合国科教文组织
The international organization that coordinates international radio management is:
- Athe International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Bthe International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)
- Cthe United Nations General Assembly
- Dthe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
The international organization coordinating radio management is the 国际电信联盟 (International Telecommunication Union, ITU). IARU is the amateur union, not the regulator; the UN General Assembly and UNESCO are not the radio-coordination body.
US–China difference: The US is an ITU member; FCC rules align with the ITU Radio Regulations.
Common pitfall: Picking IARU (the amateur league) instead of ITU (the regulatory body).
Real on-air practice: ITU Regions define your band edges (e.g., Region 3 for China).
国际业余无线电联盟支持会员协会在发展业余无线电时把它看成一种：
- A国家资源
- B拉动经济的措施
- C休闲娱乐手段
- D国防后备队伍
The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) supports its member societies in viewing the development of amateur radio as a:
- Anational resource
- Bmeans to stimulate the economy
- Cform of leisure and entertainment
- Dnational defense reserve force
The IARU supports member societies in viewing amateur radio development as a 国家资源 (national resource). The other options (economic stimulus, leisure, defense reserve) are not the IARU’s stated framing.
US–China difference: The US ARRL is an IARU member society sharing this “national resource” view.
Common pitfall: Picking “defense reserve” — amateur radio is a public resource, not a military reserve.
Real on-air practice: Amateur emergency communication (e.g., after disasters) exemplifies the national-resource role.
下述通信不属于电信（telecommunication）范畴：
- A邮政通信
- B有线通信
- C无线电通信
- D光通信
Which of the following communications does NOT fall within the scope of telecommunication?
- Apostal communication
- Bwire communication
- Cradio communication
- Doptical communication
电信 (telecommunication) is the transmission of signs, signals, text, images, sounds, etc., by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic means. 邮政通信 (postal communication) is physical mail, not telecommunication.
US–China difference: US law similarly distinguishes “telecommunications” (electronic) from postal services.
Common pitfall: Thinking postal service is telecommunications because it conveys information.
Real on-air practice: Sending a QSL card by mail is postal, not a radio telecommunication.
关于无线电通信的正确说法：
- A无线电通信是指利用无线电波进行的符号、信号、文字、图像、声音或其他信息的传输、发射或接收
- B无线电通信包括利用光在内的所有电磁波所进行的各种通信
- C利用无线电波进行的符号、信号、文字、图像、声音以外的信息传输不属于无线电通信
- D产生无线电波并用其加热属于无线电通信的一种应用
Which of the following statements about radio communication is correct?
- ARadio communication means the transmission, emission, or reception of symbols, signals, text, images, sounds, or other information by means of radio waves
- BRadio communication includes all kinds of communication using electromagnetic waves including light
- CTransmission of information other than symbols, signals, text, images, and sounds by means of radio waves does not belong to radio communication
- DGenerating radio waves and using them for heating is an application of radio communication
无线电通信 (radio communication) is the transmission, emission, or reception of symbols, signals, text, images, sounds, or other information by radio waves (A). B over-broadens to all EM including light; C wrongly excludes other information types; D misclassifies heating as communication.
US–China difference: US FCC defines radio communication similarly via transmission/reception of signals.
Common pitfall: Including optical/light communication or non-information heating as radio communication.
Real on-air practice: A voice contact on 2 m FM is radio communication; microwaving food is not.
关于地面无线电通信（terrestrial radio communication）的正确说法是：
- A航空通信属于地面无线电通信
- B水上通信不属于地面无线电通信
- C业余电台之间所进行的任何无线电通信都属于地面无线电通信
- D依靠电离层反射的天波所进行的通信不属于地面无线电通信
Which of the following statements about terrestrial radio communication is correct?
- AAeronautical communication belongs to terrestrial radio communication
- BMaritime communication does not belong to terrestrial radio communication
- CAny radio communication between amateur stations belongs to terrestrial radio communication
- DCommunication relying on ionospheric-reflected skywaves does not belong to terrestrial radio communication
地面无线电通信 (terrestrial radio communication) includes communication between stations on or near the Earth’s surface — aeronautical communication is terrestrial (A). Maritime is also terrestrial (B wrong); not all amateur contacts are terrestrial (satellite ones are not, C wrong); skywave/ionospheric communication is still terrestrial (D wrong).
US–China difference: US/ITU classify aeronautical and maritime as terrestrial services.
Common pitfall: Excluding aviation/maritime or skywave from “terrestrial.”
Real on-air practice: An aircraft ham contacting you on 2 m is using terrestrial radio communication.
无线电波是指：
- A频率为3,000GHz以下的在空间传播的电磁波
- B频率为3,000GHz以下的所有电磁波
- C频率为30Hz至30GHz的在空间传播的电磁波
- D频率为3,000Hz至3,000MHz的电磁波
Radio waves are:
- Aelectromagnetic waves propagating in space at frequencies below 3,000 GHz
- Ball electromagnetic waves at frequencies below 3,000 GHz
- Celectromagnetic waves propagating in space at frequencies from 30 Hz to 30 GHz
- Delectromagnetic waves at frequencies from 3,000 Hz to 3,000 MHz
无线电波 (radio waves) are electromagnetic waves propagating in space at frequencies below 3,000 GHz (A). B wrongly includes all EM below 3,000 GHz regardless of propagation; C/D use wrong frequency ranges.
US–China difference: The US/ITU defines radio waves the same way (below 3,000 GHz, propagating).
Common pitfall: Confusing the 3,000 GHz upper bound with the 300 GHz microwave boundary or 30 GHz.
Real on-air practice: Everything from 160 m to 13 cm you operate is “radio waves” by this definition.
💬 Have questions about this topic, or FCC / CRAC exam preparation?
对本篇内容或 FCC / CRAC 备考有疑问？
本手册仅供业余无线电爱好者学习交流，题库原题版权归 CRAC（中国无线电协会业余无线电分会）所有，英文翻译由 BG7BAG 编译，转载请注明出处。
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